Method of measurements is based on generating pulsed (with a linear modulation frequency) radio signals, measuring the power of signals reflected from the surface at the night side of the planet, to determine the reflection coefficient within a wide spectral range. This method also uses measurements of time delay for signals reflected from the ionosphere at different heights in order to obtain electron number-density profiles.

Main characteristics:
Frequency range	0.17 - 5 MHz
Number of discrete frequencies	56
Frequency modulation period	0,27 s, 1,08 s
Frequency deviation	15 kHz
Range measurement error	3,5 km
Sounding range:
during soil sounding	150-3000 km
during ionogram recording	150-5000 km
Total mass	35kg

In the beginning of the chapter

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